Binders containing nanoparticles

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to aqueous binder dispersions based on silane-modified polymeric binders and inorganic nanoparticles, a process for the preparation thereof and the use thereof for the production of high quality coatings, in particular clear lacquers.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit to German Patent Application No. 10 2007 061 876.1, filed Dec. 19, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all useful purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to aqueous binder dispersions based on silane-modified polymeric binders and inorganic nanoparticles, a process for the preparation thereof and the use thereof for the preparation of high quality coatings, in particular clear lacquers.

Nanoparticles in polymeric coatings can improve properties such as scratch resistance, UV protection or conductivity in a targeted manner. Control of the surface modification and dispersing of the nanoparticles determines the required transparent appearance of the coatings and properties thereof.

Various approaches have been pursued in the past for introduction of the nanoparticles into coating composition formulations. In this context, the particles can be mixed directly into the resin or curing agent component or into the coating composition ready for application. In aqueous systems there is the possibility of dispersing the particles in the aqueous phase. The in situ preparation of the particles in one of the binder components and adaptation of the surface to either the resin or the curing agent component have furthermore been described.

From the practical point of view, it is advantageous to disperse the nanoparticles as stable masterbatches in one of the components, so that a long-term storage stability and a simple ease of handling in the formulation of lacquers is ensured. In the end use, the nanoparticles must likewise be readily dispersible in a finely divided manner, so that advantageous properties such as transparency, scratch resistance or conductivity result.

In practice, the nanoparticles are conventionally dispersed into the resin component, into the aqueous phase or into the finished mixture of curing agent and resin shortly before curing. As a rule, for this it is necessary to adapt the surface of the nanoparticles to the specific matrix of the coating composition or of the adhesive. The disadvantage of simple mixing in of modified nanoparticles is the dependency of the stability on the complete formulation, i.e. on all the formulation constituents. Variation of one parameter can lead here to demixing (Pilotek, Steffen; Tabellion, Frank (2005), European Coatings Journal, 4, 170 et seq.).

It is known from the prior art that coating compositions can be prepared with silane-modified nanoparticles. For example, WO-A 02/24756 discloses coating compositions based on suspension polymers and silane-modified nanoparticles. However, the polymers described there are suspension and emulsion polymers. Suspension polymerization is carried out in an aqueous phase, like emulsion polymerization. Beads of solid, which are filtered off from the aqueous phase, form the end product of the suspension.

WO-A 2006/008120 describes aqueous dispersions of polymeric and/or oligomeric organic binders and inorganic nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are surface-modified by addition of silane-functional compounds. The disadvantage here, however, is that the gloss and haze of the resulting coatings do not meet the high requirements of automobile clear lacquers.

WO-A 03/095532 discloses aqueous dispersions of hydrophilized polymers or oligomers which contain surface-modified inorganic nanoparticles and at least one amphiphile. Possible hydrophilic polymers are emulsion polymers, which are prepared in an aqueous phase. The use of the amphiphiles, which are necessary according to this teaching, is a disadvantage since these low molecular weight alcohols must be included as solvents in the VOC balance (volatile organic compounds). Furthermore, these are highly reactive mono- or polyol compounds which co-react, for example, with polyisocyanates during crosslinking of the binders and lead to a reduced functionality up to chain termination. The network build-up of the resulting lacquers impaired in this way leads to a reduction in resistances.

It has now been found, surprisingly, that aqueous copolymers which are modified with a certain class of silanes are suitable, in combination with inorganic nanoparticles, for the production of coatings having a significantly improved scratch resistance with excellent gloss and very low haze (cloudiness).

The object of the present invention was thus to provide high quality coating compositions, in particular as automobile clear lacquers, which have an optimum gloss and haze and show an improved scratch resistance. The dispersions should furthermore be sufficiently stable to storage.

EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

An embodiment of the present invention is an aqueous formulation comprising

-   -   A) a silane-modified copolymer;     -   B) optionally surface-modified inorganic particles having an         average particle size (z-mean), as determined by means of         dynamic light scattering in dispersion, of less than 200 nm; and     -   C) water.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the above aqueous formulation, wherein said silane-modified copolymer A) comprises groups of general formula (1)

—Si(R¹O)₂R²  (1)

-   -   wherein     -   R¹ is a C₂- to C₈-alkyl radical; and     -   R² is (R¹O) or a C₁- to C₅-alkyl radical.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the above aqueous formulation, wherein said silane-modified copolymer A) is a copolymer which is built up from

-   -   I) a hydroxy-functional hydrophobic polymer containing as         builder monomers         -   Ia) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon             radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or             vinyl esters;         -   Ib) hydroxy-functional monomers; and         -   IS1) silane-functional monomers capable of polymerization;             and     -   II) a hydroxy-functional hydrophilic polymer containing as         builder components         -   IIa) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon             radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or             vinyl esters;         -   IIb) hydroxy-functional monomers; and         -   IIc) acid-functional monomers.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the above aqueous formulation, wherein said silane-modified copolymer A) is a copolymer which is built up from

-   -   I) a hydroxy-functional hydrophobic polymer containing as         builder monomers         -   Ia) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon             radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or             vinyl esters; and         -   Ib) hydroxy-functional monomers; and     -   II) a hydroxy-functional hydrophilic polymer containing as         builder components         -   IIa) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon             radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or             vinyl esters;         -   IIb) hydroxy-functional monomers;         -   IIc) acid-functional monomers; and         -   IIS1) silane-functional monomers capable of polymerization.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the above aqueous formulation, wherein said silane-functional monomer IS1), which is capable of polymerization, is a compound of the general formula (2)

(R¹O)₂R²Si—(CH═C₁H₂)  (2)

-   -   wherein         -   R¹ is a C₂- to C₈-alkyl radical; and         -   R² is (R¹O) or a C₁- to C₅-alkyl radical;     -   and/or a compound of the general formula (3)

(R¹O)₂R²Si(CH₂)_(m)—O(CO)—(CR³═CH₂)  (3)

-   -   wherein         -   R¹ is a C₂- to C₈-alkyl radical;         -   R² is (R¹O) or a C₁- to C₅-alkyl radical;         -   R³ is H or CH₃; and         -   m is 1 to 4.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the above aqueous formulation, wherein said silane-functional monomer IIS1), which is capable of polymerization, is a compound of the general formula (2)

(R¹O)₂R²Si—(CH═CH₂)  (2)

-   -   wherein         -   R¹ is a C₂- to C₈-alkyl radical; and         -   R² is (R¹O) or a C₁- to C₅-alkyl radical;     -   and/or a compound of the general formula (3)

(R¹O)₂R²Si(CH₂)_(m)—O(CO)—(CR³═CH₂)  (3)

-   -   wherein         -   R¹ is a C₂- to C₈-alkyl radical;         -   R² is (R¹O) or a C₁- to C₅-alkyl radical;         -   R³ is H or CH₃; and         -   m is 1 to 4.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the above aqueous formulation, wherein said silane-functional monomer IS1), which are capable of polymerization, is selected from the group consisting of vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrisisopropoxysilane, vinyl-tris-(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, vinylmethyldiethoxysilane, vinylmethyldiisopropoxysilane, vinylethyldiethoxysilane, 3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl methacrylate or 3-(tris-isopropoxysilyl)-propyl methacrylate, vinylphenyldiethoxysilane, vinylphenylmethylethoxysilane, and vinyltri-t-butoxysilane.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the above aqueous formulation, wherein said silane-functional monomers IS1), which are capable of polymerization, is selected from the group consisting of vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrisisopropoxysilane, vinyl-tris-(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, vinylmethyldiethoxysilane, vinylmethyldiisopropoxysilane, vinylethyldiethoxysilane, 3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl methacrylate or 3-(tris-isopropoxysilyl)-propyl methacrylate, vinylphenyldiethoxysilane, vinylphenylmethylethoxysilane, and vinyltri-t-butoxysilane.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the above aqueous formulation, wherein said silane functional copolymer A) is a copolymer which is built up from

-   -   I) a hydroxy-functional hydrophobic polymer containing as         builder monomers         -   Ia) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon             radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or             vinyl esters;         -   Ib) hydroxy-functional monomers; and     -   II) a hydroxy-functional hydrophilic polymer containing as         builder components         -   IIa) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon             radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or             vinyl esters;         -   IIb) hydroxy-functional monomers;         -   IIc) acid-functional monomers; and         -   IIS2) monomers which contain at least one epoxide function             in addition to silane groups.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the above aqueous formulation, wherein said monomers IIS2) are selected from the group consisting of γ-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyl-tris-isopropoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyl-diethoxy-methylsilane, β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-triethoxysilane, and β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-tris-isopropoxysilane.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the above aqueous formulation, wherein said inorganic particles B) are selected from the group consisting of inorganic oxides, mixed oxides, carbides, borides, and nitrides of elements of main group II to IV and/or elements of subgroup I to VIII of the periodic table, including the lanthanides.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the above aqueous formulation, wherein said inorganic particles B) are inorganic nanoparticles in a colloidally disperse form in organic solvents or in water.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the above aqueous formulation, wherein said inorganic particles B) are inorganic particles in the form of aqueous formulations.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the above aqueous formulation, wherein said inorganic particles B) are surface-modified inorganic nanoparticles.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention is an aqueous coating composition comprising the above aqueous formulation and at least one crosslinking agent D).

Yet another embodiment of the present invention is an aqueous two-component coating composition comprising the above aqueous formulation and a polyisocyanate.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention is a clear lacquer comprising the above aqueous formulation.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention therefore provides aqueous formulations comprising

-   A) a silane-modified copolymer, -   B) inorganic particles which are optionally surface-modified and     have an average particle size (z-mean), determined by means of     dynamic light scattering in dispersion, of less than 200 nm and -   C) c) water.

The silane-modified copolymer A) contains groups of the general formula (1)

—Si(R¹O)₂R²  (1)

-   -   is in which     -   R¹ is a C₂- to C₈-alkyl, preferably a C₃- to C₆-alkyl radical         and     -   R² is (R¹O) or a C₁- to C₅-alkyl radical, preferably is (R¹O) or         a C₁- to C₃-alkyl radical.

The aqueous formulations according to the invention comprise 20 to 59 parts by wt., preferably 25 to 48 parts by wt. and particularly preferably 27.5 to 40 parts by wt. of copolymer A), 1 to 40 parts by wt., preferably 2 to 25 parts by wt. and particularly preferably 2.5 to 15 parts by wt. of inorganic nanoparticles B), 5 to 44 parts by wt., preferably 10 to 33 parts by wt. and particularly preferably 12.5 to 25 parts by wt. of crosslinking agent C and 35 to 74 parts by wt., preferably 40 to 63 parts by wt. and particularly preferably 45 to 57.5 parts by wt. of water D).

In a first embodiment (a), component A) is a copolymer which is built up from

-   I) a hydroxy-functional hydrophobic polymer containing as builder     monomers     -   Ia) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon         radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or vinyl         esters,     -   Ib) hydroxy-functional monomers and     -   IS1) silane-functional monomers which are capable of         polymerization, and -   II) a hydroxy-functional hydrophilic polymer containing as builder     components     -   IIa) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon         radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or vinyl         esters,     -   IIb) hydroxy-functional monomers and     -   IIc) acid-functional monomers.

This embodiment (α) is preferred.

In a further embodiment (β), component A) is a copolymer which is built up from

-   I) a hydroxy-functional hydrophobic polymer containing as builder     monomers     -   Ia) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon         radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or vinyl         esters,     -   Ib) hydroxy-functional monomers and -   II) a hydroxy-functional hydrophilic polymer containing as builder     components     -   IIa) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon         radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or vinyl         esters,     -   IIb) hydroxy-functional monomers,     -   IIc) acid-functional monomers and     -   IIS1) silane-functional monomers which are capable of         polymerization.

The content of monomers Ia)/IIa) in the copolymer A) in embodiments (α) and (β) is 34.3 to 89.3 parts by wt., preferably 51.8 to 84.8 parts by wt. and particularly preferably 58 to 81 parts by wt., the content of monomers Ib)/IIb) in the copolymer A) is 10 to 65 parts by wt., preferably 13.5 to 46.5 parts by wt. and particularly preferably 17 to 40 parts by wt., the content of monomers IIc) in the copolymer A) is 0.6 to 12 parts by wt., preferably 1.2 to 5.5 parts by wt. and particularly preferably 1.25 to 3.5 parts by wt. and the content of monomers IS1)/IIS1) in the copolymer A) is 0.1 to 12 parts by wt., preferably 0.5 to 5 parts by wt. and particularly preferably 0.75 to 3.5 parts by wt.

Suitable silane-functional monomers IS1) and IIS1) which are capable of polymerization are e.g. compounds of the general formula (2)

(R¹O)₂R²Si—(CH═CH₂)  (2)

-   -   in which     -   R¹ is a C₂- to C₈-alkyl, preferably a C₃- to C₆-alkyl radical,     -   R² is (R¹O) or a C₁- to C₅-alkyl radical, preferably is (R¹O) or         a C₁- to C₃-alkyl radical,         and/or compounds of the general formula (3)

(R¹O)₂R²Si(CH₂)_(m)—O(CO)—(CR³═CH₂)  (3)

-   -   in which     -   R¹ is a C₂- to C₈-alkyl, preferably a C₃-C₆-alkyl radical,     -   R² is (R¹O) or a C₁- to C₅-alkyl radical, preferably is (R¹O) or         a C₁- to C₃-alkyl radical,     -   R³ is H or CH₃ and     -   m is 1 to 4, preferably 3.

Examples of suitable silane-functional monomers IS1) and IIS1) which are capable of polymerization are vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrisisopropoxysilane, vinyl-tris-(2-methoxy)silane, vinylmethyldiethoxysilane, vinylmethyldiisopropoxysilane, vinylethyldiethoxysilane, 3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl methacrylate or 3-(tris-isopropoxysilyl)-propyl methacrylate, vinylphenyldiethoxysilane, vinylphenylmethylethoxysilane or vinyltri-t-butoxysilane. Vinyltrisisopropoxysilane is preferred

It is also possible for component A) (embodiment (γ)) to be a copolymer which is built up from

-   I) a hydroxy-functional hydrophobic polymer containing as builder     monomers     -   Ia) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon         radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or vinyl         esters,     -   Ib) hydroxy-functional monomers and -   II) a hydroxy-functional hydrophilic polymer containing as builder     components     -   IIa) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon         radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or vinyl         esters,     -   IIb) hydroxy-functional monomers,     -   IIc) acid-functional monomers and     -   IIS2) monomers which contain at least one epoxide function in         addition to silane groups.

The content of monomers Ia)/IIa) in the copolymer A) in embodiment (γ) is 33.8 to 88.8 parts by wt., preferably 49.1 to 83.9 parts by wt. and particularly preferably 56 to 79.5 parts by wt., the content of monomers Ib)/IIb) in the copolymer A) is 10 to 65 parts by wt, preferably 13.5 to 48.3 parts by wt. and particularly preferably 17 to 40.5 parts by wt., the content of monomers IIe) in the copolymer A) is 1 to 15 parts by wt., preferably 1.85 to 8 parts by wt. and particularly preferably 2.5 to 6.5 parts by wt. and the content of monomers IIS2) in the copolymer A) is 0.2 to 12 parts by wt., preferably 0.75 to 5.5 parts by wt. and particularly preferably 1 to 4.5 parts by wt.

Examples of suitable monomers IIS2) which contain at least one epoxide function in addition to silane groups are γ-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyl-tris-isopropoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyl-diethoxy-methylsilane, glycidoxypropyl-di-isopropoxy-methylsilane, β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-triethoxysilane, β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-tris-isopropoxysilane, β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-diethoxy-methylsilane, β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-di-isopropoxy-methylsilane, β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-diethoxy-ethylsilane or β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-di-isopropoxy-ethylsilane. γ-Glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyl-tris-isopropoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyl-diethoxy-methylsilane, β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-triethoxysilane or β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-tris-isopropoxysilane is preferred and γ-glycidoxypropyl-tris-isopropoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyl-diethoxy-methylsilane and β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-tris-isopropoxysilane are particularly preferred.

Suitable monomers Ia)/IIa) are the esterification products of acrylic or methacrylic acid with simple alcohols, e.g. ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, iso-butyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, iso-butyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate or cyclohexyl methacrylate, and vinylphenyls, such as styrene, vinyltoluene, α-methylstyrene or mixtures of these and other monomers.

Further compounds of the (meth)acrylic acid ester type which are suitable as monomers Ia)/IIa) are the esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with linear aliphatic monools having eight carbon atoms, such as e.g. the so-called fatty alcohols (monools), or with linear aliphatic saturated alcohols which are derived from naturally occurring fatty acids, such as lauryl (C₁₂), myristyl (C₁₄), palmityl (C₁₆) or stearyl (C₁₈) alcohol. Aliphatic saturated alcohols which are likewise suitable are e.g. n-octanol, nonanol or n-decanol. Suitable monomers of the (meth)acrylic acid ester type which contain an aliphatic radical having at least eight carbon atoms are e.g. n-octyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate, n-decyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, myristyl acrylate, palmityl acrylate, stearyl acrylate and the corresponding methacrylic acid derivative.

Monomers of the abovementioned type which are furthermore suitable are esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with cycloaliphatic alcohols (monools) having at least 10 carbon atoms, such as e.g. i-bornyl acrylate, n-bornyl methacrylate, dihydroxydicyclopentadienyl acrylate or 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl methacrylate.

Suitable monomers Ia/IIa) are furthermore the esterification products of vinyl alcohol with linear or branched aliphatic carboxylic acids, such as, for example, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate or vinyl butyrate. Vinyl esters which are preferred are those of branched aliphatic carboxylic acids of the general formula (4)

in which R¹ and R² are saturated alkyl groups containing together 6, 7 or 8 C atoms, corresponding to the compounds VeoVa™ (Hexion Specialty Chemicals, USA) 9, 10 und 11.

The monomers mentioned differ with respect to the glass transition temperature of their homopolymers:

Monomer T_(G) [° C.] VeoVa ™ 9 +70 VeoVa ™ 10 −3 VeoVa ™ 11 −40

Preferred monomers Ia)/IIa) are n-butyl acrylate, iso-butyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, iso-butyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, i-bornyl acrylate, i-bornyl methacrylate and styrene, and n-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, i-bornyl acrylate, i-bornyl methacrylate and styrene are particularly preferred.

Further monomers which are capable of free-radical copolymerization can also optionally be employed as compounds of component Ia/IIa) in the preparation of copolymer A). These can be, for example, derivatives of acrylic or methacrylic acid, such as acrylamide, methacrylamide, acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile. Vinyl ethers or vinyl acetates are furthermore optionally possible. Possible further components Ia/Ia) which are optionally to be employed in minor amounts are (meth)acrylate monomers which are difunctional or more than difunctional and/or vinyl monomers, such as e.g. hexanediol di(meth)acrylate or divinylbenzene.

Suitable hydroxy-functional monomers Ib)/IIb) are e.g. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate or 4-hydroxybutyl methacrylate. Preferred monomers Ib)/IIb) are 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate or 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate and mixtures of these compounds.

Suitable olefinically unsaturated acid-functional monomers IIc) are sulfonic or carboxylic acid-functional monomers, preferably carboxylic acid-functional monomers, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, β-carboxyethyl acrylate, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic acid or monoalkyl esters of dibasic acids or anhydrides, such as e.g. maleic acid monoalkyl esters, and acrylic or methacrylic acid are preferred.

Unsaturated compounds which can undergo free-radical polymerization and have phosphate or phosphonate, or sulfonic acid or sulfonate groups, such as are described e.g., in WO-A 00/39181 (p. 8, 1. 13-p. 9, 1. 19) are furthermore also suitable as compounds of component IIc).

Suitable initiators for the polymerization reaction are organic peroxides, such as di-tert-butyl peroxide or tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, and azo compounds, such as azodiisobutyric acid nitrite (AIBN). The amounts of initiator employed depend on the desired molecular weight. For reasons of process reliability and easier handling, peroxide initiators can also be employed as a solution in suitable organic solvents of the type mentioned below.

The preparation of the copolymer A) is carried out by a copolymerization, initiated by free radicals, of the monomer mixture I) and II) in organic solvent (mixtures). The amount of organic solvents is chosen such that the resulting solutions of the copolymers A) have a solids content of from 95 to 60 wt. %, preferably 92.5 to 80 wt. %.

The procedure for polymerization of the unsaturated monomers is familiar per se to the person skilled in the art. Typically, for this, a suitable solvent is initially introduced into a reaction vessel and the unsaturated monomers are polymerized in the feed process using a free radical initiator.

Possible suitable organic solvents are any desired solvents known in lacquer technology, preferably those which are conventionally employed as co-solvents in aqueous dispersions, such as e.g. alcohols, ethers, alcohols containing ether groups, esters, ketones or non-polar hydrocarbons, e.g. aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons or mixtures of these solvents.

The preparation of component A) in embodiment (α) or (β) is carried out by a two-stage addition and polymerization of the monomer mixtures I) and II) in the sequence mentioned. In this context, in a first step (i) a hydroxy-functional hydrophobic polymer I) having an OH number of from 12 to 250 mg of KOH/g of solid, preferably from 50 to 200 mg of KOH/g of solid, is prepared from the monomers Ia) and Ib). In a subsequent step (ii), the hydroxy-functional hydrophilic polymer II) is prepared from the monomers IIa) to IIc) in the solution of the polymer I) obtained from step (i), this hydroxy-functional hydrophilic polymer II) having an OH number of from 20 to 250 mg of KOH/g of solid, preferably from 120 to 220 mg of KOH/g of solid, and an acid number of from 50 to 250 mg of KOH/g of solid, preferably from 110 to 200 mg of KOH/g of solid. Silane-functional monomers IS1) are copolymerized accordingly with monomer mixture Ia) and Ib), or IIS2) with monomer mixture Ia), IIb) and IIc).

The preparation of component A) in embodiment (γ) is carried out by a two-stage addition and polymerization of the monomer mixtures I) and II) in the sequence mentioned. In this context, in a first step (i) a hydroxy-functional hydrophobic polymer I) having an OH number of from 12 to 250 mg of KOH/g of solid, preferably from 50 to 200 mg of KOH/g of solid, is prepared from the monomers Ia) and Ib). In a subsequent step (ii), the hydroxy-functional hydrophilic polymer II) is prepared from the monomers IIa) to IIc) and IIS2) in the solution of the polymer I) obtained from step (i). In this step, according to the free-radical polymerization of components IIa) to IIc), the reaction of the epoxide groups of IIS2) with free carboxylic acid group is carried out simultaneously. This reaction can optionally be catalyzed by suitable esterification catalysts, such as e.g. dibutyltin dilaurate or tin dioctoate. The hydroxy-functional hydrophilic polymer II) has an OH number of from 20 to 250 mg of KOH/g of solid, preferably from 120 to 220 mg of KOH/g of solid and an acid number of from 50 to 250 mg of KOH/g of solid, preferably from 110 to 200 mg of KOH/g of solid.

Organic amines or water-soluble inorganic bases can be employed for neutralization of the carboxyl groups polymerized into the copolymer A). N-Methylmorpholine, triethylamine, dimethylethanolamine, dimethylisopropanolamine, methyl-diethanolamine, triethanolamine or ethyl-diisopropylamine are preferred. Diethyl-ethanolamine, butanolamine, morpholine, 2-aminomethyl-2-methyl-propanol or isophoronediamine are likewise suitable.

The neutralizing agent is added in amounts such that the degree of neutralization is 70 to 130%, preferably 90 to 105% of the carboxyl groups, an amount of neutralizing agent such that after conversion of all the carboxyl groups into the salt form free neutralizing agent is still present particularly preferably being added. This corresponds to a degree of neutralization of >100%.

The resulting hydrophilic polymers A) are then dispersed by addition of water or by transfer into water. The pH of the aqueous dispersion is 6.0 to 11.0, preferably 7.5 to 10.0, and the solids content is 35 to 65 wt. %, preferably 40 to 55 wt. %.

Possible particles B) are inorganic oxides, mixed oxides, hydroxides, sulfates, carbonates, carbides, borides and nitrides of elements of main group II to IV and/or elements of subgroup I to VIII of the periodic table, including the lanthanides. Preferred particles B) are silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide and titanium oxide, and silicon oxide nanoparticles are particularly preferred.

The particles employed preferably have average particles sizes, determined as the z-mean by means of dynamic light scattering in dispersion, of from 5 to 100 nm, particularly preferably 5 to 50 nm.

Preferably at least 75%, particularly preferably at least 90%, very particularly preferably at least 95% of all the particles employed have the sizes defined above.

The optionally surface-modified nanoparticles B) are introduced during or after the preparation of the modified copolymer A). This can be carried out by simply stirring in the particles. However, the use of an increased dispersing energy, such as, for example, by ultrasound, jet dispersion or high-speed stirrers according to the rotor-stator principle, is also conceivable. Simple mechanical stirring-in is preferred.

The particles B) can in principle be employed both in powder form and in the form of colloidal suspensions or dispersions in suitable solvents. The inorganic nanoparticles B) are preferably employed in a colloidally disperse form in organic solvents (organosols) or in water.

Suitable solvents for the organosols are methanol, ethanol, i-propanol, acetone, 2-butanone, methyl isobutyl ketone, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate, toluene, xylene, 1,4-dioxane, diacetone alcohol, ethylene glycol n-propyl ether or any desired mixtures of such solvents. Suitable organosols have a solids content of from 10 to 60 wt. %, preferably 15 to 50 wt. %. Suitable organosols are, for example, silicon dioxide organosols, such as are obtainable e.g. under the trade names Organosilicasol® and Suncolloid® (Nissan Chem. Am. Corp.) or under the name Highlink®NanO G (Clariant GmbH).

If the nanoparticles are employed in organic solvents (organosols), these are mixed with the copolymers A) before dispersion thereof with water. The resulting mixtures are then dispersed in water by addition of water or by transfer into water. The mixing of the organosols with copolymers A) can be carried out either before or after neutralization of the carboxyl groups polymerized into coopolymer A). If required, the organic solvent of the organosol can be removed by distillation before or after the dispersing with water, preferably after the dispersing with water.

In the context of the present invention, inorganic particles B) are furthermore preferably used in the form of their aqueous formulations. The use of inorganic particles B) in the form of aqueous formulations of surface-modified inorganic nanoparticles is particularly preferred. These can be modified by silanization, for example, before or at the same time as the incorporation into the silane-modified polymeric organic binder or an aqueous dispersion of the silane-modified polymeric organic binder. This method is known in principle from the literature and is described, for example, in DE-A 19846660 or WO 03/44099.

The surface of the inorganic nanoparticies can furthermore be modified adsorptively/associatively by surfactants or block copolymers, as described, for example, in WO 2006/008120 and Foerster, S. & Antonietti, M., Advanced Materials, 10, no. 3, (1998) 195.

Preferred surface modification is the silanization with alkoxysilanes and/or chlorosilanes. Partial modification with γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane corresponding to WO 2004/035474 is particularly preferred.

Preferred aqueous commercial nanoparticle dispersions are Levasils® (H. C. Starck GmbH, Goslar, Germany) and Bindzils® (EKA Chemical AB, Bohus, Sweden). Aqueous dispersion of Bindzil® CC 30 and Bindzil® CC 40 from EKA (EKA Chemical AB, Bohus, Sweden) are particularly preferably employed.

If the nanoparticles are employed in aqueous form, these are added to the aqueous dispersions of the copolymers A). In a further embodiment, the aqueous nanoparticle colloids are added to the copolymers A) after neutralization of the carboxyl groups polymerized into copolymer A) and the mixture is optionally then diluted further with water.

The aqueous formulations according to the invention can be processed to aqueous coating compositions. In this context, by combination with crosslinking agents D), depending on the reactivity or, where appropriate, blocking of the crosslinking agents, both one-component lacquers and two-component lacquers can be prepared. One-component lacquers in the context of the present invention are to be understood here as meaning coating compositions in which the binder component and crosslinking component can be stored together without a crosslinking reaction taking place to an extent which is noticeable or harmful for the later application. The crosslinking reaction takes place only on application after activation of the crosslinking agent. This activation can be effected e.g. by increasing the temperature. Two-component lacquers in the context of the present invention are understood as meaning coating compositions in which the binder component and crosslinking component must be stored in separate vessels because of their high reactivity. The two components are mixed only shortly before application and then in general react without additional activation. However, catalysts can also be employed or higher temperatures applied in order to accelerate the crosslinking reaction.

The present invention therefore also provides aqueous coating compositions comprising the aqueous formulations according to the invention and at least one crosslinking agent D).

Suitable crosslinking agents D) are, for example, polyisocyanate crosslinking agents, amide- and amine-formaldehyde resins, phenolic resins and aldehyde and ketone resins, such as e.g. phenol-formaldehyde resins, resols, furan resins, urea resins, carbamic acid ester resins, triazine resins, melamine resins, benzoguanamine resins, cyanamide resins and aniline resins, such as are described in “Lackkunstharze”, H. Wagner, H. F. Sarx, Carl Hanser Verlag Munich, 1971.

Preferred crosslinking agents D) are free or blocked polyisocyanates, which can optionally be hydrophilically modified, and/or non-blocked polyisocyanates which are at least partly hydrophilically modified.

The present invention likewise provides aqueous two-component (2C) coating compositions comprising the aqueous formulations according to the invention and a polyisocyanate. Preferably, at least a proportion of the polyisocyanate is hydrophilically modified.

Suitable polyisocyanates are difunctional isocyanates, such as e.g. isophorone-diisocyanate, hexamethylene-diisocyanate, 2,4- or 2,6-diisocyanatotoluene, 4,4′-diphenylmethane-diisocyanate and/or higher molecular weight trimers thereof, biurets, urethanes, iminooxadiazinedione and/or allophanates. The use of low-viscosity, optionally hydrophilized polyisocyanates of the abovementioned type based on aliphatic or cycloaliphatic isocyanates is particularly preferred.

For the blocking, the abovementioned polyisocyanates are reacted with blocking agents, such as e.g. methanol, ethanol, butanol, hexanol, benzyl alcohol, acetoxime, butanone oxime, caprolactam, phenol, diethyl malonate, dimethyl malonate, dimethylpyrazole, triazole, dimethyltriazole, ethyl acetoacetate, diisopropylamine, dibutylamine, tert-butylbenzylamine, cyclopentanone carboxyethyl ester, dicyclohexylamine and/or tert-butylisopropylamine.

The non-blocked and blocked polyisocyanates can also be converted into a water-dispersible form by incorporation of hydrophilic groups, such as e.g. carboxylate, sulfonate and/or polyethylene oxide structures, and employed in this way in combination with the formulations according to the invention. The blocked polyisocyanates mentioned can also be prepared co-using hydroxy- or amino-functional, also higher molecular weight components, such as e.g. diols, triols, amino alcohols, polyesters, polyethers, polycarbonates and mixtures of the raw materials mentioned and/or other raw materials.

The polyisocyanates employed as crosslinking agent D) in general have a viscosity at 23° C. of from 10 to 5,000 mPas and, if desired for adjusting the viscosity, can also be employed as a mixture with small amounts of inert solvents.

The use of mixtures of various crosslinking agents D) is of course also possible in principle.

The conventional auxiliary substances and additives of lacquer technology, such as e.g. defoaming agents, thickening agents, pigments, dispersing auxiliaries, catalysts, skin prevention agents, antisettling agents or emulsifiers, can be added before, during or after the preparation of the aqueous formulations according to the invention.

The aqueous coating compositions comprising the formulations according to the invention are suitable for all fields of use in which aqueous paint and coating systems with high requirements on the resistance of the films are used, e.g. for coating of mineral building material surfaces, lacquering and sealing of wood and wood materials, coating of metallic surfaces (metal coating), coating and lacquering of asphalt- or bitumen-containing coverings, lacquering and sealing of diverse surfaces of plastic (coating of plastics) and as high gloss lacquers.

The aqueous coating compositions comprising the formulations according to the invention are employed for the preparation of primers, fillers, pigmented or transparent top lacquers, clear lacquers and high gloss lacquers as well as one-coat lacquers, which can be used in individual or series application, e.g. in the field of industrial lacquering and automobile first and repair lacquering.

Curing of the aqueous coating compositions comprising the formulations according to the invention is typically carried out in this context at temperatures of from 0 to 60° C., preferably from 18 to 130° C.

These coatings have, together with very good optical properties of the film, a high level of scratch resistance, resistance to solvents and chemicals, good weather resistance, high hardness and rapid drying.

The coatings can be produced by the various spraying processes, such as, for example, pneumatically or by airless or electrostatic spraying processes, using one- or optionally two-component spraying installations. However, the lacquers and coating compositions comprising the aqueous coating compositions according to the invention can also be applied by other methods, for example by brushing, rolling or knife coating.

All the references described above are incorporated by reference in their entireties for all useful purposes.

While there is shown and described certain specific structures embodying the invention, it will be manifest to those skilled in the art that various modifications and rearrangements of the parts may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the underlying inventive concept and that the same is not limited to the particular forms herein shown and described.

EXAMPLES

Unless noted otherwise, the percent data are to be understood as percent by weight.

The hydroxyl number (OH number) was determined in accordance with DIN 53240-2.

The viscosity was determined by means of a rotary viscometer “Paar Physica MC R51” in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3219.

The acid number was determined in accordance with DIN EN ISO 2114.

Determination of the Particle Size

The particle sizes were determined by means of dynamic light scattering using an HPPS particle size analyzer (Malvern, Worcestershire, UK). The evaluation was performed via the Dispersion Technology software 4.10. To avoid multiple scattering, a highly dilute dispersion of the nanoparticles was prepared. One drop of a dilute nanoparticle dispersion (approx. 0.1-10%) was introduced into a cell containing approx. 2 ml of the same solvent as the dispersion, the cell was shaken and measurement was carried out in the HPPS analyzer at 20 to 25° C. As is generally known to the person skilled in the art, the relevant parameters of the dispersing medium—temperature, viscosity and refractive index—were entered into the software beforehand. In the case of organic solvents, a glass cell was employed. An intensity- and volume-particle diameter curve and the z-mean for the particle diameter were obtained as the result. It was ensured that the polydispersity index was <0.5.

-   Bayhydur® XP 2655: hydrophilic aliphatic polyisocyanate based on     hexamethylene-diisocyanate, isocyanate content: 21.2±0.5% (Bayer     MaterialScience AG/Leverkusen, Germany) -   Bindzil® CC40: 40% strength colloidally disperse surface-modified     silicon dioxide in water, average particle size 12 nm according to     the manufacturer (EKA Chemical AB, Bohus, Sweden); a z-average     particle size of approx. 29 nm was obtained by means of dynamic     light scattering -   Byk® 325: flow auxiliary (Byk-Chemie GmbH, Wesel, Germany) -   Byk® 345: wetting additive (Byk-Chemie GmbH, Wesel, Germany) -   CoatOSil® 1706: vinyl-tris-1-propoxysilane (Momentive/Leverkusen,     Germany) -   Desmodur® XP 2410: aliphatic polyisocyanates, isocyanate content:     23.5±0.5% (Bayer MaterialScience AG/Leverkusen, Germany) -   Dowanol® PnB: solvent (Dow Chem. Corp., Horgen, Switzerland) -   Organosilicasol® MEK-ST: 36 wt. % strength colloidally disperse     silicon dioxide in 2-butanone, average particle size 10-15 nm     according to the manufacturer (Nissan Chem. Am. Corp., Houston/TX,     USA); a z-average particle size of approx. 15-40 nm was obtained by     means of dynamic light scattering -   Rhodiasolv® RPDE: solvent (Rhodia Syntech GmbH, Frankfurt a. M.,     Germany)

Comparison Example 1

220 g of Dowanol® PnB were initially introduced into a 5 l reaction vessel with a stirring, cooling and heating device and were heated up to 138° C. A mixture 1) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was added dropwise at this temperature in the course of 30 minutes. Immediately thereafter, a mixture 2) of 298.3 g of i-bornyl methacrylate, 292.0 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 169.8 g of butyl methacrylate, 139 g of styrene and 90.4 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate was metered in during the course of 3.5 hours, and immediately thereafter a mixture 3) of 63.8 g of styrene, 90 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 50 g of butyl acrylate and 28.7 g of methacrylic acid was metered in during the course of 1.5 hours. In parallel with mixture 2) and 3), a mixture 4) of 14.5 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 14.5 g of Dowanol® PnB was metered in over a period of 5 hours. A mixture 5) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was then metered in over a period of 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to 100° C. and 31.2 g of N,N-dimethylethanolamine were added. After homogenizing for 30 minutes, dispersing was carried out with 1,595 g of water at 80° C. over a period of 2 hours. A copolymer dispersion having the following data was obtained:

OH content (calculated for solids)  4.5% Acid number (solids) 15.5 mg of KOH/g Solids content 40.1% Viscosity 580 mPas_(23 ° C.) pH (10% strength in water) 8.4 Degree of neutralization  105% Average particle size 105 nm Cosolvent 7.8 wt. %

Comparison Example 2

220 g of Dowanol® PnB were initially introduced into a 5 l reaction vessel with a stirring, cooling and heating device and were heated up to 138° C. A mixture 1) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was added dropwise at this temperature in the course of 30 minutes. Immediately thereafter, a mixture 2) of 298.3 g of i-bornyl methacrylate, 292.0 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 169.8 g of butyl methacrylate, 139 g of styrene and 90.4 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate was metered in during the course of 3.5 hours, and immediately thereafter a mixture 3) of 63.8 g of styrene, 90 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 50 g of butyl acrylate and 28.7 g of methacrylic acid was metered in during the course of 1.5 hours. In parallel with mixture 2) and 3), a mixture 4) of 14.5 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 14.5 g of Dowanol® PnB was metered in over a period of 5 hours. A mixture 5) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was then metered in over a period of 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to 70° C. 218 g of a 36 wt. % strength colloidal dispersion of silicon dioxide in methyl ethyl ketone (Organosilicasol® MEK-ST, Nissan Chem. Am. Corp.) were introduced into this melt. 31.2 g of N,N-dimethylethanolamine were then added, the mixture was homogenized for 30 minutes and dispersing was carried out with 1,690 g of water at approx. 60° C. over a period of 2 hours. The methyl ethyl ketone was then distilled off in vacuo. A copolymer dispersion having the following data was obtained:

OH content (calculated for solids)  4.2% Acid number (solids) 14.5 mg of KOH/g Solids content 40.7% Viscosity 430 mPas_(23 ° C.) pH (10% strength in water) 8.2 Degree of neutralization  105% Average particle size 96 nm Cosolvent 7.4 wt. %

Comparison Example 3

220 g of Dowanol® PnB were initially introduced into a 5 l reaction vessel with a stirring, cooling and heating device and were heated up to 138° C. A mixture 1) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was added dropwise at this temperature in the course of 30 minutes. Immediately thereafter, a mixture 2) of 298.3 g of i-bornyl methacrylate, 292.0 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 169.8 g of butyl methacrylate, 139 g of styrene and 90.4 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate was metered in during the course of 3.5 hours, and immediately thereafter a mixture 3) of 63.8 g of styrene, 90 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 50 g of butyl acrylate and 28.7 g of methacrylic acid was metered in during the course of 1.5 hours. In parallel with mixture 2) and 3), a mixture 4) of 14.5 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 14.5 g of Dowanol® PnB was metered in over a period of 5 hours. A mixture 5) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was then metered in over a period of 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to 70° C. 436 g of a 36 wt. % strength colloidal dispersion of silicon dioxide in methyl ethyl ketone (Organosilicasol® MEK-ST, Nissan Chem. Am. Corp.) were introduced into this melt. 31.2 g of N,N-dimethylethanolamine were then added, the mixture was homogenized for 30 minutes and dispersing was carried out with 1,790 g of water at approx. 60° C. over a period of 2 hours. The methyl ethyl ketone was then distilled off in vacuo. A copolymer dispersion having the following data was obtained:

OH content (calculated for solids)  4.0% Acid number (solids) 13.5 mg of KOH/g Solids content 40.3% Viscosity 440 mPas_(23 ° C.) pH (10% strength in water) 8.4 Degree of neutralization  105% Average particle size 135 nm Cosolvent 7.0 wt. %

Comparison Example 4

220 g of Dowanol® PnB were initially introduced into a 5 l reaction vessel with a stirring, cooling and heating device and were heated up to 138° C. A mixture 1) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was added dropwise at this temperature in the course of 30 minutes. Immediately thereafter, a mixture 2) of 298.3 g of i-bornyl methacrylate, 292.0 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 169.8 g of butyl methacrylate, 139 g of styrene and 90.4 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate was metered in during the course of 3.5 hours, and immediately thereafter a mixture 3) of 63.8 g of styrene, 90 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 50 g of butyl acrylate and 28.7 g of methacrylic acid was metered in during the course of 1.5 hours. In parallel with mixture 2) and 3), a mixture 4) of 14.5 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 14.5 g of Dowanol® PnB was metered in over a period of 5 hours. A mixture 5) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was then metered in over a period of 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to 70° C. 680 g of a 36 wt. % strength colloidal dispersion of silicon dioxide in methyl ethyl ketone (Organosilicasol® MEK-ST, Nissan Chem. Am. Corp.) were introduced into this melt. 31.2 g of N,N-dimethylethanolamine were then added, the mixture was homogenized for 30 minutes and dispersing was carried out with 1,595 g of water at approx. 60° C. over a period of 2 hours. The methyl ethyl ketone was then distilled off in vacuo. A copolymer dispersion having the following data was obtained:

OH content (calculated for solids)  3.8% Acid number (solids) 12.7 mg of KOH/g Solids content 44.3% Viscosity 840 mPas_(23 ° C.) pH (10% strength in water) 8.6 Degree of neutralization  105% Average particle size 153 nm Cosolvent 7.2 wt. %

Comparison Example 5

220 g of Dowanol® PnB were initially introduced into a 5 l reaction vessel with a stirring, cooling and heating device and were heated up to 138° C. A mixture 1) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was added dropwise at this temperature in the course of 30 minutes. Immediately thereafter, a mixture 2) of 298.3 g of i-bornyl methacrylate, 292.0 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 169.8 g of butyl methacrylate, 126.5 g of styrene, 90.4 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 12.5 g of CoatOSil® 1706 was metered in during the course of 3.5 hours, and immediately thereafter a mixture 3) of 63.8 g of styrene, 90 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 50 g of butyl acrylate and 28.7 g of methacrylic acid was metered in during the course of 1.5 hours. In parallel with mixture 2) and 3), a mixture 4) of 14.5 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 14.5 g of Dowanol® PnB was metered in over a period of 5 hours. A mixture 5) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was then metered in over a period of 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to 100° C. and 31.2 g of N,N-dimethylethanolamine were added. After homogenizing for 30 minutes, dispersing was carried out with 1,595 g of water at 80° C. over a period of 2 hours. A copolymer dispersion having the following data was obtained:

OH content (calculated for solids)  4.5% Acid number (solids) 15.5 mg of KOH/g Solids content 40.2% Viscosity 500 mPas_(23 ° C.) pH (10% strength in water) 8.4 Degree of neutralization  105% Average particle size 100 nm Cosolvent 7.8 wt. %

Example 6

220 g of Dowanol® PnB were initially introduced into a 5 l reaction vessel with a stirring, cooling and heating device and were heated up to 138° C. A mixture 1) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was added dropwise at this temperature in the course of 30 minutes. Immediately thereafter, a mixture 2) of 298.3 g of i-bornyl methacrylate, 292.0 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 169.8 g of butyl methacrylate, 126.5 g of styrene, 90.4 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 12.5 g of CoatOSil® 1706 was metered in during the course of 3.5 hours, and immediately thereafter a mixture 3) of 63.8 g of styrene, 90 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 50 g of butyl acrylate and 28.7 g of methacrylic acid was metered in during the course of 1.5 hours. In parallel with mixture 2) and 3), a mixture 4) of 14.5 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 14.5 g of Dowanol® PnB was metered in over a period of 5 hours. A mixture 5) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was then metered in over a period of 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to 70° C. 436 g of a 36 wt. % strength colloidal dispersion of silicon dioxide in methyl ethyl ketone (Organosilicasol® MEK-ST, Nissan Chem. Am. Corp.) were introduced into this melt. 31.2 g of N,N-dimethylethanolamine were then added, the mixture was homogenized for 30 minutes and dispersing was carried out with 1,790 g of water at approx. 60° C. over a period of 2 hours. The methyl ethyl ketone was then distilled off in vacuo. A copolymer dispersion having the following data was obtained:

OH content (calculated for solids)  4.0% Acid number (solids) 13.5 mg of KOH/g Solids content 40.3% Viscosity 370 mPas_(23 ° C.) pH (10% strength in water) 8.4 Degree of neutralization  105% Average particle size 125 nm Cosolvent 7.0 wt. %

Example 7

220 g of Dowanol® PnB were initially introduced into a 5 l reaction vessel with a stirring, cooling and heating device and were heated up to 138° C. A mixture 1) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was added dropwise at this temperature in the course of 30 minutes. Immediately thereafter, a mixture 2) of 298.3 g of i-bornyl methacrylate, 292.0 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 169.8 g of butyl methacrylate, 126.5 g of styrene, 90.4 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 12.5 g of CoatOSil® 1706 was metered in during the course of 3.5 hours, and immediately thereafter a mixture 3) of 63.8 g of styrene, 90 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 50 g of butyl acrylate and 28.7 g of methacrylic acid was metered in during the course of 1.5 hours. In parallel with mixture 2) and 3), a mixture 4) of 14.5 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 14.5 g of Dowanol® PnB was metered in over a period of 5 hours. A mixture 5) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was then metered in over a period of 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to 70° C. 680 g of a 36 wt. % strength colloidal dispersion of silicon dioxide in methyl ethyl ketone (Organosilicasol® MEK-ST, Nissan Chem. Am. Corp.) were introduced into this melt. 31.2 g of N,N-dimethylethanolamine were then added, the mixture was homogenized for 30 minutes and dispersing was carried out with 1,595 g of water at approx. 60° C. over a period of 2 hours. The methyl ethyl ketone was then distilled off in vacuo. A copolymer dispersion having the following data was obtained:

OH content (calculated for solids)  3.7% Acid number (solids) 12.5 mg of KOH/g Solids content 44.5% Viscosity 560 mPas_(23 ° C.) pH (10% strength in water) 8.4 Degree of neutralization  105% Average particle size 150 nm Cosolvent 7.2 wt. %

Example 8

220 g of Dowanol® PnB were initially introduced into a 5 l reaction vessel with a stirring, cooling and heating device and were heated up to 138° C. A mixture 1) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was added dropwise at this temperature in the course of 30 minutes. Immediately thereafter, a mixture 2) of 298.3 g of i-bornyl methacrylate, 292.0 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 169.8 g of butyl methacrylate, 126.5 g of styrene, 90.4 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 12.5 g of CoatOSil® 1706 was metered in during the course of 3.5 hours, and immediately thereafter a mixture 3) of 63.8 g of styrene, 90 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 50 g of butyl acrylate and 28.7 g of methacrylic acid was metered in during the course of 1.5 hours. In parallel with mixture 2) and 3), a mixture 4) of 14.5 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 14.5 g of Dowanol® PnB was metered in over a period of 5 hours. A mixture 5) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was then metered in over a period of 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to 70° C. 872 g of a 36 wt. % strength colloidal dispersion of silicon dioxide in methyl ethyl ketone (Organosilicasol® MEK-ST, Nissan Chem. Am. Corp.) were introduced into this melt. 31.2 g of N,N-dimethylethanolamine were then added, the mixture was homogenized for 30 minutes and dispersing was carried out with 1,985 g of water at approx. 60° C. over a period of 2 hours. The methyl ethyl ketone was then distilled off in vacuo. A copolymer dispersion having the following data was obtained:

OH content (calculated for solids)  3.6% Acid number (solids) 12.5 mg of KOH/g Solids content 41.5% Viscosity 560 mPas_(23 ° C.) pH (10% strength in water) 8.4 Degree of neutralization  105% Average particle size 150 nm Cosolvent 6.3 wt. %

Example 9

220 g of Dowanol® PnB were initially introduced into a 5 l reaction vessel with a stirring, cooling and heating device and were heated up to 138° C. A mixture 1) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was added dropwise at this temperature in the course of 30 minutes. Immediately thereafter, a mixture 2) of 298.3 g of i-bornyl methacrylate, 292.0 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 169.8 g of butyl methacrylate, 76.5 g of styrene, 90.4 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 62.5 g of CoatOSil® 1706 was metered in during the course of 3.5 hours, and immediately thereafter a mixture 3) of 63.8 g of styrene, 90 g of hydroxyethyl acrylate, 50 g of butyl acrylate and 28.7 g of methacrylic acid was metered in during the course of 1.5 hours. In parallel with mixture 2) and 3), a mixture 4) of 14.5 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 14.5 g of Dowanol® PnB was metered in over a period of 5 hours. A mixture 5) of 4 g of di-tert-butyl peroxide in 4 g of Dowanol® PnB was then metered in over a period of 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to 70° C. 1,308 g of a 36 wt. % strength colloidal dispersion of silicon dioxide in methyl ethyl ketone (Organosilicasol® MEK-ST, Nissan Chem. Am. Corp.) were introduced into this melt. 31.2 g of N,N-dimethylethanolamine were then added, the mixture was homogenized for 30 minutes and dispersing was carried out with 2,180 g of water at approx. 60° C. over a period of 2 hours. The methyl ethyl ketone was then distilled off in vacuo. A copolymer dispersion having the following data was obtained:

OH content (calculated for solids)  3.2% Acid number (solids) 11.5 mg of KOH/g Solids content 41.5% Viscosity 430 mPas_(23 ° C.) pH (10% strength in water) 8.4 Degree of neutralization  105% Average particle size 155 nm Cosolvent 5.8 wt. %

Example 10 15 wt. % of SiO₂ Nanoparticles, Aqueous SiO₂ Sol

4,000 g of aqueous dispersion according to Comparison Example 5 were mixed with 705 g of Bindzil® CC40 in a 5 l reaction vessel with a stirring, cooling and heating device. A homogeneous aqueous dispersion resulted.

OH content (calculated for solids)  3.6% Acid number (solids) 12.5 mg of KOH/g Solids content 40.2% Viscosity 430 mPas_(23 ° C.) pH (10% strength in water) 8.4 Degree of neutralization  105% Average particle size 155 nm Cosolvent 6.3 wt. %

Example 11 Crosslinking Agent

750 g of Rhodiasolv® RPDE were initially introduced into a 5 l reaction vessel with a stirring, cooling and heating device. 2,975 g of Desmodur® XP 2410 and 1275 g of Bayhydur® XP 2655 were added and the components were mixed homogeneously.

The resulting crosslinking agent had an isocyanate content of 19.3%.

Use Examples 12

The individual components of component A and B were mixed in the stated ratios of amounts.

The mixed 2C water-based clear lacquer was applied by means of a commercially available spray gun to an aluminium sheet which had been precoated with an aqueous filler layer and an aqueous black base lacquer layer conventional for automobile first lacquering.

After the application, the sheets were dried in air for 5 minutes at room temperature and 10 minutes at 80° C., and thereafter dried at 130° C. for 30 minutes. The dry layer thickness of the clear lacquer was approx. 40 μm.

A B C D E F G H I K pt. by pt. by pt. by pt. by pt. by pt. by pt. by pt. by pt. by pt. by Example 12 wt. wt. wt. wt. wt. wt. wt. wt. wt. wt. Component A Example 1 500 Example 2 500 Example 3 500 Example 4 500 Example 5 500 Example 6 500 Example 7 500 Example 8 500 Example 9 500 Example 10 500 Byk ® 345 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Byk ® 325 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 Water 74.5 61.8 50.5 89.2 75.1 50.9 89.7 34.1 21.7 27.2 Component B Example 11 149.1 132.7 118.8 115.4 149.1 118.7 115.3 96.9 80.7 98.9 Results A B C D E F G H I K Content of 0.0 3.6 6.9 10.5 0.0 6.9 10.5 13.6 19.7 10.0 nano-SiO₂ based on solids (wt. %) Gloss/haze 90/10 90/15 88/35 83/113 91/9 90/11 91/10 90/15 90/18 90/17 Visual slight significant severe clear clear clear clear clear slight evaluation clear haze haze haze haze of haze Dry scratch 18 19 21 20 19 30 43 59 55 91 resistance, 10 double strokes Residual gloss (rel. %)

Gloss and Haze

The gloss was measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 2813. The higher the gloss measurement value, the better the gloss. The haze was measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 13803. The lower the haze value, the clearer the lacquer.

Scratch Resistance

Testing of the scratch resistance of the clear lacquers prepared was carried out in accordance with DIN 55668.

The relative residual gloss in % reproduces how high the degree of gloss [20°] is after scratching in accordance with DIN 5668 compared with the degree of gloss before scratching. The higher this value, the better the scratch resistance.

As Examples 12 A to K clearly show, formulations 12 F to K according to the invention are distinguished by improved scratch resistance, while retaining the good optical properties, in particular low haze. 

1. An aqueous formulation comprising B) a silane-modified copolymer; B) optionally surface-modified inorganic particles having an average particle size (z-mean), as determined by means of dynamic light scattering in dispersion, of less than 200 nm; and C) water.
 2. The aqueous formulation of claim 1, wherein said silane-modified copolymer A) comprises groups of general formula (1) —Si(R¹O)₂R²  (1) wherein R¹ is a C₂- to C₈-alkyl radical; and R² is (R¹O) or a C₁- to C₅-alkyl radical.
 3. The aqueous formulation of claim 1, wherein said silane-modified copolymer A) is a copolymer which is built up from I) a hydroxy-functional hydrophobic polymer containing as builder monomers Ia) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or vinyl esters; Ib) hydroxy-functional monomers; and IS1) silane-functional monomers capable of polymerization; and II) a hydroxy-functional hydrophilic polymer containing as builder components IIa) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or vinyl esters; IIb) hydroxy-functional monomers; and IIc) acid-functional monomers.
 4. The aqueous formulation of claim 1, wherein said silane-modified copolymer A) is a copolymer which is built up from I) a hydroxy-functional hydrophobic polymer containing as builder monomers Ia) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or vinyl esters; and Ib) hydroxy-functional monomers; and II) a hydroxy-functional hydrophilic polymer containing as builder components IIa) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or vinyl esters; IIb) hydroxy-functional monomers; IIe) acid-functional monomers; and IIS1) silane-functional monomers capable of polymerization.
 5. The aqueous formulation of claim 3, wherein said silane-functional monomer IS1), which is capable of polymerization, is a compound of the general formula (2) (R¹O)₂R²Si—(CH═CH₂)  (2) wherein R¹ is a C₂- to C₈-alkyl radical; and R² is (R¹O) or a C₁- to C₅-alkyl radical; and/or a compound of the general formula (3) (R¹O)₂R²Si(CH₂)_(m)—O(CO)—(CR³═CH₂)  (3) wherein R¹ is a C₂- to C₈-alkyl radical; R² is (R¹O) or a C₁- to C₅-alkyl radical; R³ is H or CH₃; and m is 1 to
 4. 6. The aqueous formulation of claim 4, wherein said silane-functional monomer IIS1), which is capable of polymerization, is a compound of the general formula (2) (R¹O)₂R²Si—(CH═CH₂)  (2) wherein R¹ is a C₂- to C₈-alkyl radical; and R² is (R¹O)) or a C₃- to C₅-alkyl radical; and/or a compound of the general formula (3) (R¹O)₂R²Si(CH₂)_(m)—O(CO)—(CR³═CH₂)  (3) wherein R¹ is a C₂- to C₈-alkyl radical; R² is (R¹O) or a C₁- to C₅-alkyl radical; R³ is H or CH₃; and m is 1 to
 4. 7. The aqueous formulation of claim 3, wherein said silane-functional monomer IS1), which are capable of polymerization, is selected from the group consisting of vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrisisopropoxysilane, vinyl-tris-(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, vinylmethyldiethoxysilane, vinylmethyldiisopropoxysilane, vinylethyldiethoxysilane, 3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl methacrylate or 3-(tris-isopropoxysilyl)-propyl methacrylate, vinylphenyldiethoxysilane, vinylphenylmethylethoxysilane, and vinyltri-t-butoxysilane.
 8. The aqueous formulation of claim 4, wherein said silane-functional monomers IIS1), which are capable of polymerization, is selected from the group consisting of vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrisisopropoxysilane, vinyl-tris-(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, vinylmethyldiethoxysilane, vinylmethyldiisopropoxysilane, vinylethyldiethoxysilane, 3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl methacrylate or 3-(tris-isopropoxysilyl)-propyl methacrylate, vinylphenyldiethoxysilane, vinylphenylmethylethoxysilane, and vinyltri-t-butoxysilane.
 9. The aqueous formulation of claim 1, wherein said silane functional copolymer A) is a copolymer which is built up from I) a hydroxy-functional hydrophobic polymer containing as builder monomers Ia) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or vinyl esters; Ib) hydroxy-functional monomers; and II) a hydroxy-functional hydrophilic polymer containing as builder components IIa) (meth)acrylic acid esters having C₁- to C₁₈-hydrocarbon radicals in the alcohol part and/or vinylaromatics and/or vinyl esters; IIb) hydroxy-functional monomers; IIc) acid-functional monomers; and IIS2) monomers which contain at least one epoxide function in addition to silane groups.
 10. The aqueous formulation of claim 9, wherein said monomers IIS2) are selected from the group consisting of γ-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyl-tris-isopropoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyl-diethoxy-methylsilane, β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-triethoxysilane, and β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-tris-isopropoxysilane.
 11. The aqueous formulation of claim 1, wherein said inorganic particles B) are selected from the group consisting of inorganic oxides, mixed oxides, carbides, borides, and nitrides of elements of main group II to IV and/or elements of subgroup I to VIII of the periodic table, including the lanthanides.
 12. The aqueous formulation of claim 1, wherein said inorganic particles B) are inorganic nanoparticles in a colloidally disperse form in organic solvents or in water.
 13. The aqueous formulation of claim 1, wherein said inorganic particles B) are inorganic particles in the form of aqueous formulations.
 14. The aqueous formulation of claim 1, wherein said inorganic particles B) are surface-modified inorganic nanoparticles.
 15. An aqueous coating composition comprising the aqueous formulation of claim 1 and at least one crosslinking agent D).
 16. An aqueous two-component coating composition comprising the aqueous formulation of claim 1 and a polyisocyanate.
 17. A clear lacquer comprising the aqueous formulation of claim
 1. 